Fibromyalgia in patients with chronic CCD and CMD - A retrospective study of 555 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD) and craniocervical dysfunction (CCD) are clearly defined musculoskeletal pain syndromes. Relationships with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) have not yet been investigated. The aim of the present study is to establish possible relationships between FMS and CMD/ CCD. METHODS: In a retrospective study, 555 patients with CCD and CMD were investigated with respect to the diagnostic criteria of FMS. In addition to otolaryngologic and dental examination, an instrumental functional analysis for the diagnosis of CMD/CCD was performed. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-one (63%) of the 555 patients evaluated met the diagnostic criteria for FMS. Seventy-two percent of the patients had a widespread pain index of at least 7 and a severity scale score of at least 5. Twenty-nine percent had a widespread pain index of 3-6 and a severity scale score of at least 9. Using myocentric bite splint therapy and therapy with oral orthesis in combination with neuromuscular relaxation measures, a good to very good improvement of physical symptoms was seen in 84% of CMD-FMS patients, and an improvement of the symptoms in the jaw was achieved in 77% of cases. DISCUSSION: The substantial proportion of CMD and CCD patients who meet the criteria for FMS emphasizes the complexity of the two diseases. It must be assumed that FMS is a crucial factor for the formation of CMD and CCD. Conversely, CMD/ CCD could also be responsible for diverse clinical pictures of the FMS. FMS patients with synchronous CCD/CMD benefit from an interdisciplinary CMD/CCD treatment.

[Dissertations 25 years after date 45. Prevalence and etiology of craniomandibular dysfunction in the Netherlands]. / Proefschriften 25 jaar na dato 45. Prevalentie en etiologie van craniomandibulaire disfunctie in Nederland.

The disorders temporomandibular dysfunction and craniomandibular dysfunction are still being discussed intensely in the literature 25 year after the publication of the dissertation 'Prevalence and etiology of craniomandibular dysfunction. An epidemiological study of the Dutch adult population'. Attention is especially being devoted to occlusion and its relationship with this disorder; the conclusions reached are often contradictory. In addition to the definitions of temporomandibular and craniomandibular dysfunction and of occlusion, a possible explanation for this controversy can be found in the methodological shortcomings of the studies. On the basis of the most important results in the dissertation of 25 years ago and the scientific discussion since, 7 guidelines are formulated that are illustrated with clinical examples for an evidence-based treatment of patients with this disorder in a general dental practice.

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF CRANIOMANDIBULAR OSTEOPATHY IN AN AIREDALE TERRIER.

An Airedale Terrier was presented for evaluation of depression and reluctance to be touched on the head. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the head was performed. The images revealed bone lesions affecting the calvarium at the level of the coronal suture and left mandibular ramus, with focal cortical destruction, expansion, and reactive new bone formation. Skull lesions were hypointense on T1-weighted sequences, hyperintense on T2-weighted sequences, and showed an intense and homogeneous enhancement after gadolinium administration. Reactive new bone formation and periosteal proliferation were confirmed histopathologically. The clinical signs, imaging findings, and histopathological examination were consistent with craniomandibular osteopathy.

[Craniomandibular disorder/dysfunction. Characteristics and disorders of the masticatory organ]. / Craniomandibularis diszfunkció. A rágószerv sajátosságai és muködési zavarai.

The practising physician often meets patients with pain located in different parts of the face and facial skull, mouth opening restriction or other motion disorder of the mandible. It is not always easy to identify and explain the cause. It is not widely known among doctors that most of these problems are due to masticatory dysfunction. There is a special group of patients showing functional disorders and there are some others who present a variety of different symptoms and visit several doctors. The masticatory organ, a functional unit of the human organism has a definite and separate task and function. In the early years of life it is capable of adaptation, while later on it tends to compensation. The authors outline the functional anatomy of the masticatory organ and the characteristics of multicausal pathology, the dynamics of the process of the disease and their interdisciplinary aspects. They discuss the basic elements of craniomandibular dysfunction. Based on the diagnostic algorithm, they summarize treatment options for masticatory function disorders. They emphasize the importance that physicians should offer treatment, especially an irreversible treatment, without a diagnosis. It occurs very often that the causes are identified after the patients become symptom-free due to treatment. The aim of this report is to help the general practitioners, dentists, neurologists, ear-nose-throat specialists, rheumatologists or any other specialists in the everyday practice who have patients with different symptoms such as pain in the skull, acoustic phenomenon of the joint or craniomandibular dysfunction.

Influence of craniomandibular and cervical pain on the activity of masticatory muscles in individuals with Temporomandibular Disorder.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to establish the prevalence of pain in the craniomandibular and cervical spine region in individuals with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and to analyze the effects of these disorders on the bilateral activation of anterior temporalis (AT) and masseter (MA) muscles during the masticatory cycle. METHODS: The participants were 55 female volunteers aged 18-30 years. The presence of TMD and craniomandibular and cervical spine pain was evaluated by applying the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) questionnaire and using a combination of tests for the cervical region. The muscle activity of AT and MA during the masticatory cycle was assessed using the symmetry and antero-posterior coefficient indices. RESULTS: The AT activity during the masticatory cycle is more asymmetric in individuals with TMD. The craniomandibular pain, more prevalent in these individuals, influenced these results. CONCLUSION: Individuals with TMD showed changes in the pattern activity of AT. The craniomandibular nociceptive inputs can influence the increase in asymmetry of the activation of this muscle.

Influence of craniomandibular and cervical pain on the activity of masticatory muscles in individuals with Temporomandibular Disorder / Influência da dor craniomandibular e cervical na atividade dos músculos mastigatórios em indivíduos com Disfunção Temporomandibular

Purpose: This study aimed to establish the prevalence of pain in the craniomandibular and cervical spine region in individuals with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and to analyze the effects of these disorders on the bilateral activation of anterior temporalis (AT) and masseter (MA) muscles during the masticatory cycle. Methods: The participants were 55 female volunteers aged 18–30 years. The presence of TMD and craniomandibular and cervical spine pain was evaluated by applying the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) questionnaire and using a combination of tests for the cervical region. The muscle activity of AT and MA during the masticatory cycle was assessed using the symmetry and antero-posterior coefficient indices. Results: The AT activity during the masticatory cycle is more asymmetric in individuals with TMD. The craniomandibular pain, more prevalent in these individuals, influenced these results. Conclusion: Individuals with TMD showed changes in the pattern activity of AT. The craniomandibular nociceptive inputs can influence the increase in asymmetry of the activation of this muscle. .

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de dor nas regiões craniomandibular e cervical em indivíduos com Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) e analisar o efeito dessas desordens na ativação bilateral dos músculos temporal anterior (TA) e masseter (MA) durante o ciclo mastigatório. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 55 voluntários do sexo feminino com idade de 18 a 30 anos. A presença de DTM e de dor craniomandibular e cervical foi avaliada por meio do questionário Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) e uma combinação de testes para a região cervical. A análise da ativação muscular do TA e MA durante o ciclo mastigatório foi realizada através dos índices de simetria e do coeficiente anteroposterior. Resultados: A atividade dos músculos TA, durante o ciclo mastigatório, é mais assimétrica em indivíduos com DTM. A dor craniomandibular, mais prevalente nesses indivíduos, influencia nesses resultados. Conclusão: Indivíduos com DTM apresentam alteração no padrão mastigatório do músculo TA e estímulos nociceptivos da região craniomandibular podem influenciar no aumento da assimetria de ativação dessa musculatura. .

Las hormonas sexuales femeninas como factor etiológico de los signos y síntomas de los desórdenes temporomandibulares (DTM) / Female sex hormones as an etiological factor of signs and symptoms in temporomandibular disorders (TMD)

La alta prevalencia de las diversas patologías incluidas dentro de los desórdenes temporomandibulares (DTM) en las mujeres, ha sido objeto de estudio desde hace muchos años. Entre las diversas hipótesis planteadas, la influencia de los altos valores de estrógenos parecería tener un sustento científico considerable. A continuación se describen las características y los efectos de dichas hormonas y su posible asociación con las patologías disfuncionales y el dolor orofacial.

Las hormonas sexuales femeninas como factor etiológico de los signos y síntomas de los desórdenes temporomandibulares (DTM) / Female sex hormones as an etiological factor of signs and symptoms in temporomandibular disorders (TMD)

La alta prevalencia de las diversas patologías incluidas dentro de los desórdenes temporomandibulares (DTM) en las mujeres, ha sido objeto de estudio desde hace muchos años. Entre las diversas hipótesis planteadas, la influencia de los altos valores de estrógenos parecería tener un sustento científico considerable. A continuación se describen las características y los efectos de dichas hormonas y su posible asociación con las patologías disfuncionales y el dolor orofacial.(AU)

Persistent orofacial muscle pain.

The pathophysiology of persistent orofacial myalgia has been the centre of much controversy. In this article we suggest a novel descriptive term; 'persistent orofacial muscle pain' (POMP) and review current evidence that supports the hypothesis that the induction of POMP involves the interplay between a peripheral nociceptive source in muscle, a faulty central nervous system component and decreased coping ability. In this context it is widely accepted that a complex interaction of variable intrinsic and extrinsic factors act to induce POMP and dysfunction.

Orbital involvement in craniofacial brown tumors.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical and radiologic features of orbital involvement in craniofacial brown tumors and to compare the rate of brown tumors in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: A retrospective hospital-based study of 115 patients with chronic kidney disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism and 34 with primary hyperparathyroidism was conducted. Laboratory results such as serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone were recorded. Demographic data (age, sex, duration of disease) and image findings (bone scan scintigraphy, skull and long bone x-rays, CT) were also obtained. The main outcome measures were analysis of clinical, biochemical, and radiologic findings of all patients. RESULTS: Of the 115 patients with chronic kidney disease, 10 (8.7%) had brown tumors in different bones of the skeleton. Five patients had lesions in the craniofacial bones. The maxilla, mandible, maxillary sinus, and nasal cavity were the most affected sites. The orbit was involved in 2 patients with lesions arising in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. One patient had facial leontiasis. All patients with brown tumors had extremely high levels of parathyroid hormone (>1,000 pg/ml, normal values 10-69 pg/ml) and alkaline phosphatase (>400 U/l, normal values 65-300 U/l). The mean serum levels of phosphorus and calcium were not abnormal among the patients with brown tumors. Age and time of renal failure were similar for patients with and without brown tumors. Among the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, only 2 (5.8%) had brown tumors, and in just 1, the lesion was localized in the craniofacial skeleton. A 2-tailed Z test applied to compare the proportion of occurrence of brown tumors in the 2 groups revealed that the difference at the 90% of confidence level was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Brown tumors are equally found in secondary and primary hyperparathyroidism. Craniofacial brown tumors involve the orbit, usually because of the osteodystrophy process that involves the maxilla and paranasal sinuses. The lesions do not necessarily need to be excised and may regress spontaneously after the control of hyperparathyroidism.

Factores de riesgo en pacientes con disfunción temporomandibular / Risk facts in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction

La controversia existente en cuanto al carácter multifactorial que rodea la disfunción temporomandibular dificulta el conocimiento pleno de esta entidad, por lo que se ha estudiado el comportamiento de diferentes factores de riesgo que pueden manifestarse de forma individual o no, pero que contribuyen en muchos casos al desencadenamiento de este problema clínico. El propósito de este trabajo fue realizar un estudio descriptivo y transversal sobre la identificación de algunos factores de riesgo presentes en pacientes con disfunción temporomandibular con edades comprendidas ente 7 y 44 años, pertenecientes a diferentes centros de enseñanza del municipio de Matanzas. La muestra se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de un esquema probabilístico y multietápico, en el que fueron seleccionados 1,866 sujetos agrupados por edades y sexo. El diagnóstico de disfunción fue realizado mediante la aplicación del Test de Krogh Paulsen. Fueron identificados los factores de riesgo Hábitos parafuncionales, Pérdida dentaria, Interferencias oclusales, Bruxismo y Estrés, determinándose que los Hábitos parafuncionales estuvieron presentes en un 47.5 por ciento, la Pérdida dentaria: 41.9 por ciento, las Interferencias Oclusales: 39.7 por ciento, el estrés: 33.4 por ciento y, por último, el bruxismo con 30.3 por ciento. Fue apreciado un incremento de estos factores conjuntamente con las edades, aunque no de manera uniforme. Se comprueba relación significativa entre estos factores y la disfunción temporomandibular. Una actuación preventiva e interceptiva mediante actividades de promoción, prevención e intervención clínicas oportunas sobre estos factores puede contribuir a disminuir las cifras de afectados.

The existing controversy about the multifactorial character of the temporomandibular dysfunction makes it difficult the complete knowledge of this entity. Thus there has being studied the behavior of several risk facts that can show themselves in an individual way or not, but contributing in many cases to unleashing this clinical problem. The purpose of this work was carrying out a descriptive and transversal study identifying several risk facts in 7-to-44 years-old patients with temporomandibular dysfunction, who are studying in several schools of the province of Matanzas. The sample was selected applying a probabilistic and multistage scheme and 1 866 persons were selected, grouped by age and sex. The dysfunctional diagnostic was achieved applying the Krogh Paulsens Test. As risk facts were identified: Parafunctional Habits, Dental Loss, Occlusal Interferences, Bruxism and Stress, determining that Parafunctional Habits were present in 47. 5 percent, Dental Loss: 41.9 percent. Occlusal Interferences: 39.7 percent, Stress:33.4 percent, and Bruxism: 30.3 percent. It was appreciated an increase of these facts parallel to aging, though not evenly. There was stated a significant relationship between these facts and temporomandibular dysfunction. An interceptive, preventing action through opportune promotional, preventive and clinical interventional activities on these facts can contribute to diminishing the number of affected patients.

Factores de riesgo en pacientes con disfunción temporomandibular / Risk facts in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction

La controversia existente en cuanto al carácter multifactorial que rodea la disfunción temporomandibular dificulta el conocimiento pleno de esta entidad, por lo que se ha estudiado el comportamiento de diferentes factores de riesgo que pueden manifestarse de forma individual o no, pero que contribuyen en muchos casos al desencadenamiento de este problema clínico. El propósito de este trabajo fue realizar un estudio descriptivo y transversal sobre la identificación de algunos factores de riesgo presentes en pacientes con disfunción temporomandibular con edades comprendidas ente 7 y 44 años, pertenecientes a diferentes centros de enseñanza del municipio de Matanzas. La muestra se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de un esquema probabilístico y multietápico, en el que fueron seleccionados 1,866 sujetos agrupados por edades y sexo. El diagnóstico de disfunción fue realizado mediante la aplicación del Test de Krogh Paulsen. Fueron identificados los factores de riesgo Hábitos parafuncionales, Pérdida dentaria, Interferencias oclusales, Bruxismo y Estrés, determinándose que los Hábitos parafuncionales estuvieron presentes en un 47.5 por ciento, la Pérdida dentaria: 41.9 por ciento, las Interferencias Oclusales: 39.7 por ciento, el estrés: 33.4 por ciento y, por último, el bruxismo con 30.3 por ciento. Fue apreciado un incremento de estos factores conjuntamente con las edades, aunque no de manera uniforme. Se comprueba relación significativa entre estos factores y la disfunción temporomandibular. Una actuación preventiva e interceptiva mediante actividades de promoción, prevención e intervención clínicas oportunas sobre estos factores puede contribuir a disminuir las cifras de afectados(AU)

The existing controversy about the multifactorial character of the temporomandibular dysfunction makes it difficult the complete knowledge of this entity. Thus there has being studied the behavior of several risk facts that can show themselves in an individual way or not, but contributing in many cases to unleashing this clinical problem. The purpose of this work was carrying out a descriptive and transversal study identifying several risk facts in 7-to-44 years-old patients with temporomandibular dysfunction, who are studying in several schools of the province of Matanzas. The sample was selected applying a probabilistic and multistage scheme and 1 866 persons were selected, grouped by age and sex. The dysfunctional diagnostic was achieved applying the Krogh Paulsens Test. As risk facts were identified: Parafunctional Habits, Dental Loss, Occlusal Interferences, Bruxism and Stress, determining that Parafunctional Habits were present in 47. 5 percent, Dental Loss: 41.9 percent. Occlusal Interferences: 39.7 percent, Stress:33.4 percent, and Bruxism: 30.3 percent. It was appreciated an increase of these facts parallel to aging, though not evenly. There was stated a significant relationship between these facts and temporomandibular dysfunction. An interceptive, preventing action through opportune promotional, preventive and clinical interventional activities on these facts can contribute to diminishing the number of affected patients(AU)

Signos y síntomas de la disfunción temporomandibular en población de 7–25 y más años de edad. Municipio Matanzas / Temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms and signs in a 7-25 and more years-old population. Matanzas municipality

Fue realizado un estudio descriptivo, transversal, de los signos y síntomas que predominan en población con Disfunción temporomandibular. La muestra se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de un esquema probabilístico y multietápico, donde resultaron seleccionados 1,860 sujetos de 7 a 25 años y más que se agruparon por grupos de edades y sexo, pertenecientes a centros de diferentes niveles de enseñanza del municipio Matanzas. A todos les fue aplicado el Test de análisis de la función temporomandibular de K. Paulsen. Los signos y síntomas fueron estudiados en los diagnosticados con Disfunción, destacándose que más del 50 por ciento de éstos la presentaron con mayor frecuencia: Posición de primer contacto distinta de Posición de Máxima intercuspal (60.00 por ciento), irregularidad en los movimientos de apertura y cierre (53.05 por ciento), así como Ruidos (50.27 por ciento). Los signos y síntomas incrementaron sus valores conjuntamente con las edades, sobre todo en las pruebas de la Articulación Tempomandibular y las Pruebas dentarias. No se comprobaron diferencias significativas entre géneros. Se enfatiza en la necesidad de una adecuada preparación de los profesionales en el diagnóstico temprano de los trastornos craneomandibulares...(AU)

Disfunción temporomandibular en población de 7-25 y más años de edad. Municipio Matanzas / Temporomandibular dysfunction in a 7-25 and more years-old population. Matanzas municipality

Los trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular pueden aparecer independientes de la edad y el sexo, afectando considerablemente su funcionamiento. El propósito de este trabajo fue realizar un estudio descriptivo, transversal, de prevalencia de la disfunción temporomandibular en población de 7–25 años y más, pertenecientes a diferentes centros de enseñanza del municipio de Matanzas. La muestra se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de un esquema probabilístico y multietápico, en el que fueron seleccionados 1,860 sujetos agrupados por edades y sexo. El diagnóstico de disfunción, el riesgo de padecerla o la presencia de un signo de perturbación fue efectuado mediante la aplicación del Test de Krogh Paulsen. Se determinó que la prevalencia de disfunción fue de 38.71 por ciento, notándose su incremento conjuntamente con los años, siendo el grupo de 25 y más años el mayor afectado con 75.61 por ciento. Los que presentaron dos o más signos positivos (Riesgo) constituyeron el 25.65 por ciento, mientras que con un solo signo positivo (Perturbación) registraron un 19.30 por ciento. En ambas categorías los valores disminuyeron según avanzaron los años, lógicamente en situación inversa a la presentada en disfunción. No hubo diferencias de comportamiento en cuanto al género. El estudio y la preparación adecuada en un método de examen de las funciones temporomandibulares constituirá una valiosa ayuda diagnóstica en cualquier especialidad estomatológica...(AU)

[Dentofacial orthopedics and craniomandibular dysfunction]. / ODF et dysfonctions cranio-mandibulaires.

There has been a recent recrudescence of cranio-mandibular disorders (CMD), predominantly affecting women. Even children can be affected by CMD, often under diagnoses by their families and by medical professionals. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is important when evaluating the variety of diagnostic and etiological problems. The search for postural etiology, whether lingual or dental, is always necessary to better act on the etiology of these disorders. The involvement of orthodontics, in the prevention of CMD, has three impacts: functional, aesthetic and psychological, allowing for a better balance of the cranio-mandibular system. This makes the treatment of cranio-facial orthopedics, a successful choice in the recovery of CMD.

Efficacy and co-morbidity of oral appliances in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea: a systematic review.

The Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by repetitive obstructions of the upper airway during sleep. Modification of pharyngeal patency by Oral Appliance (OA) therapy has been suggested as an alternative to various treatment modalities for OSAHS. To determine the evidence base with respect to the efficacy and co-morbidity of OA therapy in OSAHS, we conducted a systematic review of the available literature. Primary outcome measures were the reduction in number of upper-airway obstructions and co-morbidity related to the craniomandibular or craniofacial complex, respectively. Eligible studies regarding efficacy were independently assessed by two assessors using a quality assessment scale. Effect sizes of methodologically sound studies were calculated. In identical interventions, effect sizes were pooled with the use of a random-effects model. Given the scarcity of controlled studies related to co-morbidity, appraisal was confined to a description of eligible studies. Sixteen controlled trials related to efficacy were identified. With respect to the primary outcome measure, OA therapy was clearly more effective than control therapy (pooled effect size, -0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.49 to -0.42) and possibly more effective than uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Although patients generally preferred OA therapy, improvement of respiratory variables, such as the number of upper-airway obstructions, was usually better in Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy (pooled effect size, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.06). Moreover, specific aspects related to OA design may influence patient-perceived efficacy and preference. Twelve patient-series and one controlled trial related to co-morbidity were identified. Analysis of the data suggests that OA therapy may have adverse effects on the craniomandibular and craniofacial complex. Although CPAP is apparently more effective and adverse effects of OA treatment have been described, it can be concluded that OA therapy is a viable treatment for, especially, mild to moderate OSAHS. Controlled studies addressing the specific indication and co-morbidity of OA therapy are warranted.

El antecedente histórico de trauma como factor asociado a los desórdenes craneomandibulares: estudio sobre 96 pacientes / The history of trauma as a factor associated to craniomandibular disorders: a study on 96 patients

96 pacientes fueron estudiados por diversas patologías de disfunción craneomandibular (DCM), clasificados según diagnóstico diferencial que involucra: 1.- disco desplazado sin reducción (DD S/R), 2.- disco desplazado con reducción (DD C/R), 3.- osteoartrosis primaria (OA 1º), 4.- osteoartrosis secundaria (OA 2º), 5.- alteraciones neuromusculares (Neur). Se los indagó acerca de la presencia de trauma no inmediato, previo a la instalación de su sintomatología, en la historia clínica (antecedente histórico de trauma). También